Patterns and Rates of Land Use Land Cover Change: A Case Study of Ambos Nogales (Arizona and Sonora), 1985-2004

Abstract The continued expansion of the paired U.S.–Mexican border cities of Ambos Nogales presents many environmental management and urban planning challenges. This study focuses on a comparative study of spatial patterns and rates of land-use and land-cover change, in relation to land degradation, deforestation, and urban growth over different time periods. Based on historical data the study suggests that both cities have experi- enced high land degradation; however, land on the Arizona-side has been more stable and less degraded. However, there were more severely degraded areas found in Nogales, Arizona, than in Nogales, Sonora. The delineation of land use change and the severity of land degradation provide important information to planners about areas that should be targeted for development and other areas that require restoration to natural settings. Keywords: Nogales, land use land cover, urban growth, land degradation Resumen La expansión continua de las ciudades gemelas de Ambos Nogales (USA-Mexico) presenta muchos desafíos de planificación urbana y manejo ambiental. Este estudio se concentra en un análisis comparativo de los patrones espaciales y velocidad de cambios de uso del suelo con relación a la degradación del terreno, deforestación, y crecimiento urbano durante distintos períodos de tiempo. Basado en datos históricos el estudio sugiere que ambas ciudades han experimentado alta degradación de tierra, pero la tierra en el lado de Arizona ha sido más estable y menos degradada. Sin embargo, en Nogales Arizona, habían áreas severamente más degradadas que en Nogales, Sonora. Palabras clave: Nogales, crecimiento urbano, uso de suelo, degradación de tierra

Image Restoration Techniques Using Fusion to Remove Motion Blur

Restoration techniques are oriented towards modelling the degradation and applying inverse process to recover the original image. The image gets blurred due to relative motion between object and detector (Motion Blur), and/or improperly focused image capturing device. This work presents a comparison of different image restoration process where, different filtering method are used with RL-Deconvolutionfor different applications. The proposed approach combines two different restoration method by using DWT

A Study on Inspection of Defective Tablet Blister Using Image Segmentation Techniques

humansareaffectedfrom many kind ofdiseases. Proper Medicationistheonlywaytoovercome fromsuchdiseases.Somedicinesbecome most important part of human life.Manufacturing of medicines is done in very large scale. Duringmanufacturing, thereare many kind of defects in tablet blister, defects are likebreakage, cracksetcpresentin tablets or capsules.There may be side-effects of these defected tablets or capsules due to variation in dosage when consumed. The manufactured tablets should be properly inspected before reaching to the public, so that they do not cause any side-effects.Manual inspection of such defects in tablet blister may be very challenging task.Image segmentation is an important technique for automation of visual inspection. Hence, it is important to propose some approaches to detect these defects in tablet blister. In literaturesurvey many researchers have proposed multiple procedures for identifying defects in tablet blister. In this research work we review allthe methods used to identify defects in tablets blister

Maternal and perinatal outcomes in eclampsia: a retrospective analysis in a referral hospital

Background: Eclampsia is defined as the development of convulsions and / or unexplained coma during pregnancy or postpartum in patients with signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. The objective of present study was to investigate the incidence of eclampsia, the clinical profile, maternal and perinatal outcomes in eclamptic patients in our hospital setting.Methods: The retrospective analysis of case records of all eclampsia cases was done over a period of one year, in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.Results: The incidence of eclampsia was13.04/1000 deliveries. Eclampsia was more common in the age group 20-24 years (55.64%), primigravidae (62.90%) and patients from rural areas (76.61%). Majority (91%) of women were referred from different hospitals. 112 (90.32%) patients were unbooked. 74 (59.67%) patients developed eclampsia during antenatal period before onset of labor. 67.01% patients presented at gestational age > 37 weeks. Lower segment caesarean section was the predominant mode of delivery in 66 (68.04%) patients. 11.29% patients required ventilatory support and pulmonary edema developed in 4.83% of cases. Maternal death occurred in 7.25% of cases.with a case fatality rate of 16.07%. Pulmonary edema was the commonest cause of death. 7 (5.6%) patients presented with intrauterine death on admission. There were 5 (4.06%) perinatal deaths reported in present study.Conclusions: Eclampsia is still a common and serious complication of pregnancy. Proper antenatal care, detection of preeclampsia with early management and timely referral of high - risk patients, administration of MgSO4 in correct doses and properly timed caesarean section in selected cases would reduce the incidence of eclampsia associated maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in our facility

A comparative study of efficacy of letrozole and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of letrozole as an ovulation inducing agent and to compare it with clomiphene citrate (CC) in infertile women.Methods: This study includes 100 women referred to gynecology OPD of Pt. B.D Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak with   infertility due to dysovulation. The patients were divided in two groups each comprised of 50 patients, Alternate women were enrolled in study group (Letrozole). Ultrasonic follicular monitoring was done on day 10, 12, 14, 16 of menstrual cycle to measure the number, size of mature follicles. Endometrial thickness and trilaminar pattern of endometrium was compared in between the groups. Inj. Gonadotrophin (hCG) was given as a trigger intramuscularly when follicle size was between 18 to 21mm. After 36 hours of hCG administration ovulation was confirmed on ultrasound.Results: Mean age, parity, and the duration of infertility were similar in both groups. Ovulation rate was 81.6% in letrozole group and was higher than control group(p<.01). The average number of follicles in the control group was 1.90±0.77and 1.17±0.47 in the study group(p<.001). Endometrial thickness in the study group was 7.55±1.12mm and in the control group it was 6.06±0.87(p<.01). Pregnancy rate in study group was 48 % and control group 16%(p<.05).Conclusions: Aromatase inhibitors (Letrozole) is a new group of drugs to join the arsenal of infertility treatments. The result of this preliminary study suggests that letrozole is associated with higher ovulation rate, higher endometrial thickness and trilaminar pattern thus resulting in higher pregnancy rate. Clomiphene citrate may be replaced by letrozole as primary treatment for ovulation induction in infertile patients

Spectrum of reproductive health problems for which adolescent girls seek consultation in hospital based adolescent clinic

Background: Adolescent girls in India are usually shy and hesitant in discussing reproductive health issues. Gradually this trend is changing with more adolescent girls seeking consultation in hospitals for these issues. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the reproductive health problems for which adolescent girls seek consultation in the adolescent clinic of Gynaecology department at a medical college hospital.Methods: A retrospective analysis of Adolescent clinic records was carried out at a medical college hospital in central India. The Gynaecology outpatient based Adolescent clinic records were analyzed for the presenting symptoms of girls attending this clinic over a period of two years (1st January 2013 to 31st December 2014).Results: A total of 1541 adolescent girls sought care in the Adolescent clinic of the Gynecology over the two year period. Of these, the majority consulted for menstrual irregularity (31%). The other reason for consultation was pain abdomen (18.8%), white discharge per vaginum (10.7%), dysmenorrhea (8.6%), urinary symptoms (5.6%), etc.Conclusions: The predominant health concern for which the adolescent girls seek consultation in hospital is menstrual irregularity besides dysmenorrhea and white discharge. Many of these issues can be addressed in adolescent school health education programs and may help alleviate the anxiety of young girls

An audit of obstetric admissions to intensive care unit in a medical college hospital of central India: lessons in preventing maternal morbidity and mortality

Background: The spectrum of causes leading to maternal morbidity and mortality may be well reflected in the clinical profile of obstetric patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). An audit of these patients may help in devising intervention strategies and implementing preventive measures. This is expected to contribute to the ongoing concerted multipronged efforts towards reducing maternal mortality as a step towards the millennium development goals. The aim was to study the clinical and demographic profile of antenatal and postpartum women requiring admission to the ICU, the interventions required in these women and the final outcome. The overall goal is to identify the contributing factors towards maternal morbidity and mortality.Methods: A retrospective analysis of hospital records of all antenatal, post-abortal and postpartum women admitted to the ICU at People’s hospital, Bhopal over a period of 3 years (June 2011 to May 2014).  Results: A total of 157 records were identified and analyzed: 22 (14%) antenatal, seven (4%) post-abortion, 114 (73%) postpartum, and 14(9%) post-laparotomy women. The mean age was 25 years (Range 18-38 years; SD 4.49), two thirds being from rural areas. Majority (78%) had no earlier visit. The gestational age at admission to ICU ranged from 6-43 weeks (Mean 31 weeks; SD 9.06). One third (24%) of patients had severe anemia, 18 patients needed ventilation, 25 required inotropic support, 4 required dialysis and 17 underwent surgical intervention. Blood or blood component therapy was needed in 60% cases with total blood units transfused being 225. The average duration of stay in intensive care unit was 79 hours. Analyzing as organ-system dysfunctions: Cardiovascular dysfunction (22%), hematological (20%), hepatic (16%), neurological (11%), septicemia (11%), renal (9%). There were 19 maternal deaths.Conclusions: Maternal anemia and consequences still contribute significantly to maternal morbidity. Non-utilization of antenatal care services especially in rural area compounds the problem. Multidisciplinary care is essential in intensive care setting.

Design of Dual Band Rectangular Patch Antenna for S-band and C-Band Applications

A probe feed rectangular patch antenna is designed, simulated, fabricated and measured. The fabricated antenna operates at the frequency band 2.49 GHz (S-Band) and 5.03 GHz (C-Band). Experimental and simulation results of probe-fed rectangular patch antenna are presented and compared. To achieve dual band characteristics the position of the probe is optimized. Experimental results suggest that the proposed antenna can be used for Wi-Fi and WLAN applications. nbs

EPISIOTOMY WOUND HEALING AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN AYURVEDA: A CASE STUDY

Episiotomy is surgically planned incision on the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during second stage of labor to facilitates easy vaginal delivery of baby and prevent irregular perineal tear. Perineum is an area of the body that is moist and perfect situation for infection or poor healing. A woman undergoes various complications after episiotomy like pain, swelling, wound infection, discomfort, sepsis, vulval hematoma; discharge rectal pain and discomfort related to episiotomy have been reported to interfere with women’s daily activities. Currently, there are several methods for the management of complications of episiotomy wound like NSAIDS, Antibiotic etc. but it is found to have various adverse effects like inflammation, itching, peptic ulcer, drug resistance. So, there is need to find out perfect solution on episiotomy wound healing. The study was conducted in a single patient. A female post natal patient aged about 20 years, delivered 10 days ago, came to OPD of Prasuti and Striroga, National institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur with complaint of opened episiotomy stitches with pain and difficulty in sitting position due to unhealthy wound. Patient was treated with Panchvalkalkwatha Prakshalan, Yoni Dhoopan with Haridra, Guggulu and Jatyadi Taila local application along&nbsp; with oral medicine Triphala Guggulu 2 tab. twice a day and continued it till the healing of the wound that is up to 10days. Reduction of pus discharges was started from second day onwards; granulation tissue started forming from seventh day onwards and open wound was closed on 10th day. Thus, we can conclude from the study that this Ayurveda regimen plays an effective role in the management of episiotomy wound

Comparative study of enzyme dehydrogenase activity in Cicer arietinum and Arachis hypogea

Viability of seeds can be determined by the dehydrogenase activity of the constituent cells. Enzyme activity can be seen both inside and outside the cell. Dehydrogenase activity can be observed by the formation of formazan compound, a red dye, from 2, 3, 5, Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC). Dehydrogenase can catalyze the reaction. Initially red colour is observed in the seed tissues and gradually the whole solution turns red. Change in colour of the solution is observed with respect to time. A comparative study is conducted between Cicer arietinum(chick pea) and Arachis hypogea( ground nut). Higher enzyme content is reported in chickpea as the reaction is completed in 18 hours, as compared to groundnut where the reaction takes 48 hours to complete. It is seen that the content of enzyme and rapid leaching of formazan is responsible for the process